SQL SERVER 2008 Questions & Answers

Enhancements of SQL SERVER 2008

What are the basic functions for master, msdb, model, tempdb and resource databases?

The master database holds information for all databases located on the SQL Server instance and is theglue that holds the engine together. Because SQL Server cannot start without a functioning masterdatabase, you must administer this database with care.

The msdb database stores information regarding database backups, SQL Agent information, DTS packages, SQL Server jobs, and some replication information such as for log shipping.

The tempdb holds temporary objects such as global and local temporary tables and stored procedures.

The model is essentially a template database used in the creation of any new user database created in the instance.

The resoure Database is a read‐only database that contains all the system objects that are included with SQL Server. SQL Server system objects, such as sys.objects, are physically persisted in the Resource database, but they logically appear in the sys schema of every database. The Resource database does not contain user data or user metadata.

What is Service Broker?

Service Broker is a message‐queuing technology in SQL Server that allows developers to integrate SQL Server fully into distributed applications. Service Broker is feature which provides facility to SQL Server to send an asynchronous, transactional message. it allows a database to send a message to another database without waiting for the response, so the application will continue to function if the remote database is temporarily unavailable. (Read More Here)

Where SQL server user names and passwords are stored in SQL server?

They get stored in System Catalog Views sys.server_principals and sys.sql_logins.

What is Policy Management?

Policy Management in SQL SERVER 2008 allows you to define and enforce policies for configuring and managing SQL Server across the enterprise. Policy‐Based Management is configured in SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS). Navigate to the Object Explorer and expand the Management node and the Policy Management node; you will see the Policies, Conditions, and Facets nodes.

What is Replication and Database Mirroring?

Database mirroring can be used with replication to provide availability for the publication database. Database mirroring involves two copies of a single database that typically reside on different computers. At any given time, only one copy of the database is currently available to clients which are known as the principal database. Updates made by clients to the principal database are applied on the other copy of the database, known as the mirror database. Mirroring involves applying the transaction log from every insertion, update, or deletion made on the principal database onto the mirror database.

What are Sparse Columns?

A sparse column is another tool used to reduce the amount of physical storage used in a database. They are the ordinary columns that have an optimized storage for null values. Sparse columns reduce the space requirements for null values at the cost of more overhead to retrieve nonnull values. (Read More Here)

What does TOP Operator Do?

The TOP operator is used to specify the number of rows to be returned by a query. The TOP operator has new addition in SQL SERVER 2008 that it accepts variables as well as literal values and can be used with INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETES statements.

What is CTE?

CTE is an abbreviation Common Table Expression. A Common Table Expression (CTE) is an expression that can be thought of as a temporary result set which is defined within the execution of a single SQL statement. A CTE is similar to a derived table in that it is not stored as an object and lasts only for the duration of the query.

What is MERGE Statement?

MERGE is a new feature that provides an efficient way to perform multiple DML operations. In previous versions of SQL Server, we had to write separate statements to INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE data based on certain conditions, but now, using MERGE statement we can include the logic of such data modifications in one statement that even checks when the data is matched then just update it and when unmatched then insert it. One of the most important advantages of MERGE statement is all the data is read and processed only once.

What is Filtered Index?

Filtered Index is used to index a portion of rows in a table that means it applies filter on INDEX which improves query performance, reduce index maintenance costs, and reduce index storage costs compared with full‐table indexes. When we see an Index created with some where clause then that is actually a FILTERED INDEX.

Which are new data types introduced in SQL SERVER 2008?

The GEOMETRY Type: The GEOMETRY data type is a system .NET common language runtime (CLR) data type in SQL Server. This type represents data in a two‐dimensional Euclidean coordinate system.

The GEOGRAPHY Type: The GEOGRAPHY datatype’s functions are the same as with GEOMETRY. The difference between the two is that when you specify GEOGRAPHY, you are usually specifying points in terms of latitude and longitude.

New Date and Time Datatypes: SQL Server 2008 introduces four new datatypes related to date and time: DATE, TIME, DATETIMEOFFSET, and DATETIME2.

• DATE: The new DATE type just stores the date itself. It is based on the Gregorian calendar and handles years from 1 to 9999.

•TIME: The new TIME (n) type stores time with a range of 00:00:00.0000000 through 23:59:59.9999999. The precision is allowed with this type. TIME supports seconds down to 100 nanoseconds. The n in TIME (n) defines this level of fractional second precision, from 0 to 7 digits of precision.

•The DATETIMEOFFSET Type: DATETIMEOFFSET (n) is the time‐zone‐aware version of a datetime datatype. The name will appear less odd when you consider what it really is: a date + a time + a time‐zone offset. The offset is based on how far behind or ahead you are from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time.

•The DATETIME2 Type: It is an extension of the datetime type in earlier versions of SQL Server. This new datatype has a date range covering dates from January 1 of year 1 through December 31 of year 9999. This is a definite improvement over the 1753 lower boundary of the datetime datatype. DATETIME2 not only includes the larger date range, but also has a timestamp and the same fractional precision that TIME type provides

What are the Advantages of using CTE?

•Using CTE improves the readability and makes maintenance of complex queries easy.

•The query can be divided into separate, simple, logical building blocks which can be then used to build more complex CTEs until final result set is generated.

•CTE can be defined in functions, stored procedures, triggers or even views.

•After a CTE is defined, it can be used as a Table or a View and can SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE Data.

How can we rewrite sub‐queries into simple select statements or with joins?

Yes we can write using Common Table Expression (CTE). A Common Table Expression (CTE) is an expression that can be thought of as a temporary result set which is defined within the execution of a single SQL statement. A CTE is similar to a derived table in that it is not stored as an object and lasts only for the duration of the query.

E.g.

USE AdventureWorks GO WITH EmployeeDepartment_CTE AS ( SELECT EmployeeID,DepartmentID,ShiftID FROM HumanResources.EmployeeDepartmentHistory ) SELECT ecte.EmployeeId,ed.DepartmentID, ed.Name,ecte.ShiftID FROM HumanResources.Department ed INNER JOIN EmployeeDepartment_CTE ecte ON ecte.DepartmentID = ed.DepartmentID GO

What is CLR?

In SQL Server 2008, SQL Server objects such as user‐defined functions can be created using such CLR languages. This CLR language support extends not only to user‐defined functions, but also to stored procedures and triggers. You can develop such CLR add‐ons to SQL Server using Visual Studio 2008.

What are synonyms?

Synonyms give you the ability to provide alternate names for database objects. You can alias object names; for example, using the Employee table as Emp. You can also shorten names. This is especially useful when dealing with three and four part names; for example, shortening server.database.owner.object to object.

What is LINQ?

Language Integrated Query (LINQ) adds the ability to query objects using .NET languages. The LINQ to SQL object/relational mapping (O/RM) framework provides the following basic features:

•Tools to create classes (usually called entities) mapped to database tables

•Compatibility with LINQ’s standard query operations

•The DataContext class, with features such as entity record monitoring, automatic SQL statement generation, record concurrency detection, and much more

What is Isolation Levels?

Transactions specify an isolation level that defines the degree to which one transaction must be isolated from resource or data modifications made by other transactions. Isolation levels are described in terms of which concurrency side‐effects, such as dirty reads or phantom reads, are allowed.

Transaction isolation levels control:

•Whether locks are taken when data is read, and what type of locks are reque• How long th

•Whether a read operation referencing

•Blocks until the exclusive lock on the row is freed.

•Retrieves the committed version of the row that

statement or transaction started. • Reads the uncommitted data mod

EXCEPT clause is similar to MINU

returns all rows in the first query that are not returned in the second query. Each SQL statement within the EXCEPT query and MINUS query must have the same number of fieldsin the result sets with similar data types.

WXPath uses a set

expression that you’ll use is the location path expression, which returns back a set ofcalled a node set. XPath can use both an unabbreviated and an abbreviated syntax. The following is the unabbreviated syntax for a location path:

Using the NOLOCK

improve concurrency on a busy system. When the NOLOCK hint is included in a SELECT statement, no locks are taken when data is read. The result is a Dirty Read, which meansthat another process could be updating the data at the exact time you are reading it. Therare no guarantees that your query will retrieve the most recent data. The advantage to performance is that your reading of data will not block updates from taking place, and updates will not block your reading of data. SELECT statements take Shared (Read) lockThis means that multiple SELECT statements are allowed simultaneous access, but other processes are blocked from modifying the data. The updates will queue until all the readshave completed, and reads requested after the update will wait for the updates to complete. The result to your system is delay (blocking).

SQL Server now supports the use of TRY...CATCH con

handling. TRY...CATCH lets us build error handling at the level we need, in the way wto, by setting a region where if any error occurs, it will break out of the region and head to an error handler. The basic structure is as follows: BEGIN TRY

<code>

END TRY

BEGIN CA

<code>

END CAT

f

error can be dealt.

RaiseError generates an

RAISERROR can either reference a user‐defined message stored in the sys.messages catalogview or build a message dynamically. The message is returned as a server error message to the calling application or to an associated CATCH block of a TRY…CATCH construct. (Read More Here)

Master database is system databas

configuration. When SQL Server 2005 is installed it usually creates master, model, msdb,tempdb resource and distribution system database by default. Only Master database is thone which is absolutely must have database. Without Master database SQL Server cannot be started. This is the reason it is extremely important to backup Master database.

rebuild the system databases. This procedure is most often used to rebuild the master database for a corrupted installation of SQL Server.

WThe xml data type lets yo

An XML fragment is an XML instance that is missing a single top‐level element. You can create columns and variables of the xml type and store XML instances in them. The xml data type and associated methods help integrate XML into the relational framework of SServer.

What is Data Compression?

pression comes in two flavors:

• Row Compression

Row Compression

Row compression changes the format of physical storage of data. It minimize the metadata

In SQL SERVE 2008 Data Com

•Page Compression

(column information, length, offsets etc) associated with each record. Numeric data types and fixed length strings are stored in variable‐length storage format, just like Varchar.

uses the following techniques to compress data:

•Prefix Compression.

These prefixes are saved in compression information headers (CI) which resides after page header. A reference number is assigned to these prefixes and that reference number is replaced where ever those prefixes are being used.

in CI. The main difference between prefix and dictionary compression is that prefix is only restricted to one column while dictionary is applicable to the complete page.

The Transact‐SQL programming la

Console Commands for SQL Server. DBCC commands are used to perform following tasks.

•Tasks that gather and display various types of inform

•Validation operations on a database, table, index, catalog, fi

allocation of database pages. • Miscellaneous tasks such as en memory.

Run following query in Query Editor.

USE <database_name>;

GO SELE ,name AS table_name FROM sys.tables WHERE OBJECTPROORDER BY schema_name, table_name; GO

There are multiple ways to do this.

1) “Detach Database” from one ser

2) Manually script all the objects using SSMS and run the script on new server.

3) Use Wizard of SSMS. (Read More Here)

There are multiple ways to do this.

1This method is used when

be inserted into this table from another table. If columns listed in insert clause and select clause are same, they are not required to list them. ELECT INTO

This method

data from one table is to be inserted into newly created table from another table. New table is created with same data types as selected columns.

Catalog views return info

Views are the most general interface to the catalog metadata and provide the most efficient way to obtain, transform, and present customized forms of this information. All user‐available catalog metadata is exposed through catalog views.

A Pivot Table can automatica

spreadsheet and create a second table displaying the summarized data. The PIVOT operator turns the values of a specified column into column names, effectively rotating a table.

Filestream allows you integrated within the database. It enables SQL Server based applications to store unstructured data such as documents, images, audios, videos etc. in the file system. FILESTREAMbasically integrates the SQL Srver Database Engine with New Technology File System (NTFS); it basically stores the data in varbinary (max) data type. Using this data type, the unstructured data is stored in the NTFS file system and the SQL Server Database Engine manages the link between the Filestream column and the actual file located in the NTFS. Using Transact SQL statements users can insert, update, delete and select the data stored in FILESTREAM enabled tables.

A dirty read occurs w

incorrect or unedited data. Suppose, A has changed a row, but has not committed the changes. B reads the uncommitted data but his view of the data may be wrong so that is Dirty Read.

sqlcmd is enhanced

other two options. In other words sqlcmd is better replacement of isql (which will be deprecated eventually) and osql (not included in SQL Server 2005 RTM). sqlcmd can work two modes ‐ i) BATCH and ii) interactive modes.

Aggregate functions perform a

Aggregate functions ignore NULL values except COUNT function. HAVING clause is used, along with GROUP BY, for filtering query using aggregate values. Following functions are aggregate functions.

AVG, M CHECKSUM_AGG, SUM, COUNT, STDEV, COU

VAR, MAX, VARP

TABLESAMPLE allows you to extract a sThe rows retrieved are random and they are not in any order. This sampling can be basedon a percentage of number of rows. You can use TABLESAMPLE when only a sampling of rows is necessary for the application instead of a full result set. (Read More Here)

ROW_NUMBER() returns athe result set. This is only a number used in the context of the result set, if the result changes, the ROW_NUMBER() will change.

Ranking functions return a rank

functions are non‐deterministic. Different Ranking functions are:

Returns the sequential number of a row within a partition of a result setthe first row in each partition.

Returns the rank of each row within the partition of a result se

Returns the rank of rows within the partition of a result set, without a(Read More Here )

The UNIJOIN command. However, when using the UNION command all selected columns need to be of the same data type. With UNION, only distinct values are selected.

The UNION ALLall values.

rows, instead it just pulls all rows from all tables fitting your query specifics and combines them into a table.has following types of index pages or nodes:

only one.
• branch no nodes which can be two or more.

• leaf nodes A leaf node contains in nodes which can be many.